How big was the Toltec civilization?

The Toltec civilization, although not as extensively documented as some other Mesoamerican cultures like the Maya or Aztec, left a significant mark on the region during its existence, which is generally believed to have been from around 900 AD to 1150 AD. The size and extent of the Toltec civilization have been a subject of debate among historians and archaeologists, but several key points help to understand its reach and influence:

1. Heartland in Central Mexico

The Toltec civilization emerged in the central region of what is now Mexico, primarily in the area around the present-day city of Tula, Hidalgo. This area served as the core of Toltec power, where their capital city, Tula, was located. Tula was a major urban center with monumental architecture, including pyramids and palaces, indicative of a sophisticated society.

2. Expansion and Influence

While the core of the Toltec civilization was in central Mexico, evidence suggests that their influence extended beyond this region. The Toltecs were known as skilled warriors and traders, which likely facilitated their expansion into surrounding areas. They established trade networks and alliances with neighboring city-states, allowing their influence to spread across Mesoamerica.

3. Chichén Itzá and Yucatán Peninsula

One of the most significant expansions of Toltec influence was the establishment of Chichén Itzá on the Yucatán Peninsula. While it's debated whether the Toltecs directly ruled Chichén Itzá or simply had a cultural influence, the architecture and art found at the site bear strong resemblances to Toltec styles. This suggests at least a significant cultural exchange between the two regions.

4. Decline and Legacy

The decline of the Toltec civilization around the 12th century AD marked the end of their political dominance in Mesoamerica. Factors contributing to their decline include internal strife, external pressures from neighboring peoples, and possibly environmental factors such as drought. Despite their eventual decline, the Toltecs left a lasting legacy in Mesoamerican culture. Their influence can be seen in the art, architecture, and religious practices of subsequent civilizations, including the Aztecs.

In summary, while the exact geographical extent of the Toltec civilization remains somewhat unclear, it is evident that they had a significant presence in central Mexico and exerted influence over a broader region through trade, alliances, and cultural exchanges. Their legacy in Mesoamerican culture endured long after their political power waned, leaving an indelible mark on the history of the region.